disease control and prevention – Traveling Healthy

Avoid Bug Bites: A Comprehensive Guide to Staying Healthy During Your Travels

Bugs, including mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and flies, can spread diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, Zika, dengue, chikungunya, and Lyme. While some cases are mild, these diseases can be severe and have lasting consequences. Some diseases caused by bug bites can be prevented with vaccines or medication, like yellow fever and malaria; however, many cannot, such as Zika and Lyme. In this article, we’ll discuss the steps you can take to avoid bug bites and stay healthy during your travels.

Introduction

Check Your Destination

Your destination and activities may determine what steps you need to take to protect yourself from bug bites. Check CDC Destinations pages to see what vaccines or medicines you may need and what diseases or health risks are a concern at your destination.

Your Activities Can Increase Your Risk for Bug Bites

Some activities put you more at risk for bug bites than others. Activities that can increase your chances of getting bug bites include hiking, camping, working with animals, and visiting farms and forested areas.

Common Bugs and Diseases They Spread

Mosquitoes

Chikungunya
Dengue
Japanese Encephalitis
Malaria
Murray Valley Encephalitis virus
Rift Valley Fever
Ross River virus disease
West Nile virus
Yellow Fever
Zika

Ticks

African Tick-Bite Fever
Tick-borne Encephalitis

Fleas

Plague

Tsetse Fly

African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)

Triatomine (kissing) bugs

Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)

Take Steps to Prevent Bug Bites During Your Trip

Use an EPA-registered insect repellent

Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents with one of the active ingredients below. When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women. If also using sunscreen, always apply insect repellent after sunscreen.

DEET
Picaridin (known as KBR 3023 and icaridin outside the US)
IR3535
Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE)
Para-menthane-diol (PMD)
2-undecanone

Find the right insect repellent for you by using EPA’s search tool.

Insect Repellent Tips for Babies and Children

Dress your child in clothing that covers arms and legs.
Cover strollers and baby carriers with mosquito netting.
When using insect repellent on your child:
Always follow label instructions.
Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or para-menthane-diol (PMD) on children under 3 years old.
Do not apply insect repellent to a child’s hands, eyes, mouth, cuts, or irritated skin.
Adults: Spray insect repellent onto your hands and then apply to a child’s face.
If also using sunscreen, always apply insect repellent after sunscreen.

Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants

Treat clothing and gear with permethrin

Use 0.5% permethrin to treat clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents) or buy permethrin-treated clothing and gear. Permethrin is an insecticide that kills or repels insects like mosquitoes and sand flies. Permethrin-treated clothing provides protection after multiple washings. Read product information to find out how long the protection will last. If treating items yourself, follow the product instructions. Do not use permethrin products directly on skin.

Keep mosquitoes out of your hotel room or lodging

Choose a hotel or lodging with air conditioning or window and door screens. Use a mosquito net if you are unable to stay in a place with air conditioning or window and door screens or if you are sleeping outside.

Sleep under a mosquito net

Sleep under a mosquito net if you are outside or when screened rooms are not available. Mosquitoes can live indoors and bite during the day and night. Buy a mosquito net at your local outdoor store or online before traveling overseas. Choose a mosquito net that is compact, white, rectangular, with 156 holes per square inch, and long enough to tuck under the mattress. Permethrin-treated mosquito nets provide more protection than untreated nets. Permethrin is an insecticide that kills mosquitoes and other insects. To determine if you can wash a treated mosquito net, follow the label instructions.

If you are bitten by mosquitoes, avoid scratching the bites and apply over-the-counter anti-itch or antihistamine cream to relieve itching.

Additional steps you can take to prevent or quickly find tick bites

Prevent Tick Bites

Know where to expect ticks. Ticks live in grassy, brushy, or wooded areas, or even on animals. Spending time outside camping, gardening, or hunting could bring you in close contact with ticks. Many people get ticks in their own yard or neighborhood.
Treat clothing and gear with products containing 0.5% permethrin. Permethrin can be used to treat boots, clothing, and camping gear and remain protective through several washings. Alternatively, you can buy permethrin-treated clothing and gear.
Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus (OLE), para-menthane-diol (PMD), or 2-undecanone. EPA’s helpful search tool can help you find the product that best suits your needs. Always follow product instructions. Do not use products containing OLE or PMD on children under 3 years old.

Avoid Contact with Ticks

Avoid wooded and brushy areas with high grass and leaf litter.
Walk in the center of trails.

Find and Remove Ticks

Check your clothing for ticks. Ticks may be carried into the house on clothing. Any ticks that are found should be removed. When possible, tumble dry clothes in a dryer on high heat for 10 minutes to kill ticks on dry clothing after you come indoors. If the clothes are damp, additional time may be needed. If the clothes require washing first, hot water is recommended. Cold and medium temperature water will not kill ticks.
Examine gear and pets. Ticks can ride on clothing and pets, then attach to a person later, so carefully examine pets, coats, and daypacks.
Shower soon after being outdoors. Showering within two hours of coming indoors has been shown to reduce your risk of getting tick-borne diseases. Showering may help wash off unattached ticks and it is a good opportunity to do a tick check.
Check your body for ticks. Conduct a full body check upon return from potentially tick-infested areas. Use a hand-held or full-length mirror to view all parts of your body. Check these parts of your body for ticks:
Under the arms
In and around the ears
Inside belly button
Back of the knees
In and around the hair
Between the legs
Around the waist
If you find a tick attached to your skin, simply remove the tick as soon as possible.

By following these steps and precautions, you can greatly reduce your risk of bug bites and the diseases they can transmit. Stay safe and enjoy your travels!

The Ultimate Guide to Staying Healthy While Traveling: Tips, Tricks, and More

Traveling is, without a doubt, one of life’s greatest pleasures. Exploring new destinations, immersing yourself in different cultures, and creating unforgettable memories is what makes travel so exciting. However, staying healthy during your travels can be a challenge for some. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll share some essential tips and tricks to help you stay healthy and fully enjoy your travel experiences.

1. Preparation Before Travel

Before you set off on your adventure, it’s essential to prepare yourself for a healthy journey. A little planning can go a long way in ensuring you stay well while you’re away.

Vaccinations and Health Checkups

One of the most important steps before traveling is to make sure you’re up to date with your vaccinations. Consult your family doctor or a travel clinic to determine which vaccinations are necessary for your destination. Common travel vaccinations include hepatitis A and B, typhoid, and yellow fever. It’s also a good idea to have a general health checkup before heading off, especially if you have any pre-existing medical conditions.

Pack a Travel Health Kit

A well-stocked travel health kit is a must-have for any trip. Include essential items such as:

First-aid supplies (band-aids, gauze, adhesive tape, etc.)
Pain relievers (ibuprofen, acetaminophen)
Antihistamines for allergies
Insect repellent and after-bite treatment
Sunscreen and lip balm with SPF
Hand sanitizer and wet wipes
Prescription medications (if applicable)
Travel-sized toiletries
Any necessary over-the-counter medications for motion sickness, diarrhea, or altitude sickness

2. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy

One of the greatest joys of traveling is discovering new and delicious foods. However, it’s essential to be mindful of what you eat and drink to avoid getting sick.

Food Safety

Follow these general guidelines to minimize your risk of foodborne illness:

Avoid eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood.
Opt for cooked, hot foods and steer clear of cold, buffet-style dishes.
Wash your hands with soap and water before and after eating.
Avoid food from street vendors that may have been exposed to flies or contaminated water.

Stay Hydrated

Staying hydrated is crucial for maintaining your health during your travels. However, not all tap water is safe to drink, so it’s essential to take proper precautions:

Drink bottled water or use a water purifier to ensure your water is safe for consumption.
Avoid consuming ice that may have been made from contaminated water.
Stick to beverages in sealed containers when in doubt.

3. Physical and Mental Health on the Road

Travel can be physically and mentally taxing. It’s essential to prioritize both aspects of your well-being to stay healthy and enjoy your trip fully.

Exercise

Incorporate some form of physical activity into your daily routine while traveling. This can be as simple as exploring your destination on foot, participating in a local sport or workout class, or using a hotel gym. Regular exercise can help you maintain your energy levels, improve your mood, and support your overall health.

Sleep

Getting enough rest is essential for staying healthy during your travels. Try to maintain a regular sleep schedule and aim for at least 7-8 hours of sleep each night. If you’re experiencing jet lag, try adjusting your sleep schedule a few days before your trip to help your body acclimate to the new time zone.

Manage Stress

Travel can sometimes be stressful, so it’s essential to manage your stress levels to maintain your mental health. Consider incorporating mindfulness practices like deep breathing or meditation into your daily routine. Additionally, give yourself some downtime each day to relax and recharge, so you’re ready for your next adventure.

4. Common Illnesses and How to Prevent Them

There are several common illnesses that travelers may encounter, but with proper precautions, you can minimize your risk and stay healthy.

Traveler’s Diarrhea

This is a common ailment for travelers, typically caused by consuming contaminated food or water. To prevent traveler’s diarrhea:

Practice good hygiene by washing your hands regularly.
Stick to bottled water and avoid ice made from tap water.
Eat only well-cooked, hot foods.

If you do experience traveler’s diarrhea, stay hydrated and consider using over-the-counter medications to help manage symptoms.

Respiratory Infections

Colds, flu, and other respiratory infections can be easily contracted while traveling, especially in confined spaces like airplanes. To reduce your risk:

Wash your hands regularly and avoid touching your face.
Carry hand sanitizer for occasions when you can’t wash your hands.
Consider wearing a mask in crowded or poorly ventilated areas.
Get a flu shot before your trip, if applicable.

5. Medical Emergencies: Know When to Seek Help

Despite your best efforts, there may be times when you need medical assistance during your travels. It’s essential to know when to seek help and how to access medical care in your destination.

Familiarize yourself with the local emergency phone numbers and nearest hospitals or clinics.
Ensure you have travel insurance that covers medical expenses and repatriation, should you require it.
If you experience severe symptoms or have a medical emergency, don’t hesitate to seek professional help immediately.

By following these tips and guidelines, you’re well on your way to staying healthy and enjoying your travels to the fullest. So pack your bags, double-check your travel health kit, and set off on your next adventure with confidence and peace of mind. Happy travels!

Understanding Hepatitis: Types, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Hepatitis is a condition that causes inflammation of the liver, potentially leading to liver damage, cirrhosis, or even liver cancer. This article aims to provide an overview of the different types of hepatitis, their symptoms, treatment options, and prevention strategies.

Types of Viral Hepatitis

There are five types of viral hepatitis, each associated with a specific virus:

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is often transmitted through contaminated fecal matter, usually via unwashed produce or poor hand-washing techniques.

Hepatitis B

This type is transmitted through blood, semen, or other body fluids, often during sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, or from mother to baby during childbirth.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is a bloodborne virus that can be contracted through sharing dirty needles during drug use, unsterilized tattoo equipment, or exposure to an open cut or sore. Sexual transmission is rare but possible.

Hepatitis D

Also known as delta hepatitis, Hepatitis D is uncommon in the US and only occurs in individuals already infected with hepatitis B.

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E is transmitted through food and water contaminated by fecal matter. It is more common in developing countries where water sanitation is an issue and is uncommon in the United States.

Symptoms of Hepatitis

Symptoms of acute hepatitis may not appear for two weeks to six months after exposure to the virus. These can include fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, poor appetite, joint pain, and jaundice. However, some people might experience mild or no symptoms at all.

Chronic Hepatitis

Hepatitis B or C infections may become chronic (long-term) and not produce symptoms for decades. However, the virus can still cause extensive liver damage, even when asymptomatic. Chronic hepatitis can eventually lead to liver cancer.

Hepatitis Screening and Treatment

Screening for hepatitis involves simple blood tests that analyze liver function. Early detection can greatly improve treatment outcomes.

Treatment for hepatitis depends on the type and stage of the infection. Hepatitis A and E usually resolve after several weeks to months. Treatment typically focuses on addressing symptoms, such as rest, hydration, and eating small meals throughout the day.

Antiviral medications are often used to treat hepatitis B or C. In some cases, surgery, including a liver transplant, may be required when the infection has advanced to cirrhosis or cancer. Hepatitis C is treatable and even curable with current therapies.

Preventing Hepatitis

Prevention strategies vary depending on the type of hepatitis:

Hepatitis A prevention includes good hygiene, proper hand-washing techniques, using clean eating utensils and cooking surfaces, and avoiding undercooked or raw shellfish or improperly washed produce. Vaccination is also available for hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B prevention is primarily achieved through vaccination, recommended for newborns and healthcare workers.
Hepatitis C prevention involves using condoms during sexual activity and avoiding risky behaviors such as drug use or sharing needles. There is currently no vaccine for hepatitis C.
Hepatitis D and E prevention involves proper hygiene, sanitation, and avoiding exposure to contaminated food or water.

Understanding the different types of hepatitis, their symptoms, and treatment options can help individuals take the necessary steps to protect their liver health and prevent the spread of these infections.

How to Handle Getting Sick While Traveling

Getting sick while traveling can be a frustrating experience that leaves you feeling drained and overwhelmed. Knowing what to do and how to prepare for such situations can make a world of difference. In this article, we will discuss tips for preventing illness, how to find a doctor, starting medications as soon as possible, and salvaging your trip in case you do get sick.

Prevention is Key

Hydration

Staying properly hydrated is essential for maintaining your health. Research the local water quality and opt for bottled water if necessary. Electrolytes are crucial for active days, so consider carrying Propel packets for a quick fix.

Food

Eating a balanced diet while traveling can help keep your digestive system in check. Enjoy local cuisine while still getting your daily intake of fruits, veggies, protein, and carbs. Reduce the risk of traveler’s diarrhea by taking over-the-counter medications like Travelan.

Vitamins

Bring your vitamins on every trip to keep your immune system healthy. Zinc and Vitamin C are especially important.

Hygiene

Carry a small bottle of hand sanitizer and regularly clean your hands. Wipe down airplane trays and seats as they tend to harbor a lot of germs.

Relax

Plan time to decompress and treat yourself well on the road. Remember that travel is about enjoyment, not just ticking off a to-do list.

Finding a Doctor

If traveling within the United States, use HealthGrades.com to find doctors based on reviews. Call your health insurance company or check their website for coverage details. For international travel, consult the International Society of Travel Medicine and the International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers. Google can also help with language barriers and logistics.

In serious cases, contact your embassy or consulate. They can recommend local health care providers, direct you to hospitals, and assist with logistics during your treatment.

Starting Medications as Soon as Possible

Don’t delay taking medications when you feel unwell. Over-the-counter meds for pain, fever, and stomach upset can make a significant difference in your overall experience.

Salvaging the Trip

Embrace the Downtime

Getting sick doesn’t have to ruin your trip. Use the downtime to rest, watch movies, or read books. You might even find that the unplanned break is exactly what you needed.

Change of Plans

Adjust your expectations and itinerary as needed. Transform your hotel room into a spa, enjoy a leisurely cup of tea, or watch the sunset. Sometimes the best memories come from unexpected changes in plans.

Protect Your Friends

If you’re contagious, take steps to avoid spreading the illness. Avoid sharing food, drinks, and personal items, and maintain good hygiene practices.

In conclusion, getting sick while traveling can be challenging, but with proper preparation and a flexible mindset, you can still make the most of your trip. Prioritize your health, be prepared to seek medical attention, and embrace the downtime to recuperate and enjoy your journey.

Marburg Virus Disease in Equatorial Guinea: An Overview

Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a severe and often fatal illness caused by the Marburg marburgvirus (MARV). Originating in Africa, MVD has been responsible for numerous outbreaks with case fatality rates of up to 88%. Since its first detection in 1967, around 600 cases have been reported across multiple African countries.

Introduction

This article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the MVD outbreak in Equatorial Guinea in 2023. We will discuss the origins, current situation, measures taken, and precautions to ensure safety from the disease.

The Outbreak in Equatorial Guinea

On February 8th, 2023, the Ministry of Health of Equatorial Guinea reported an unknown disease causing haemorrhagic fever in two neighboring communities in the district Nsok-Nsomo, Kié-Ntem province. Five days later, the first MVD outbreak in the country was confirmed. The index case passed away in early January 2023, and the notification was sent on February 7th, 2023.

As of May 10th, 2023, 17 confirmed MVD cases have been reported, including 12 deaths and four recoveries, with one case of an unknown outcome. The affected districts are Ebibeyin (Kié-Ntem province), Evinayong (Centro Sur province), Nsork (Wele-Nzas province), and Bata (Litoral province).

Measures Taken by Authorities

The National Technical Committee of Health Emergencies, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, has been working to coordinate and strengthen disease control and prevention. The World Health Organization (WHO) and its partners are also supporting Equatorial Guinea and neighboring countries.

On February 14th, 2023, the Marburg virus vaccine consortium (MARVAC) held an emergency meeting, during which the WHO representative for Equatorial Guinea announced an increase in epidemiological surveillance and a 30-day response plan to assess the needs and impact of the current outbreak.

Understanding Marburg Virus Disease

MVD is a severe and rare disease caused by the Marburg marburgvirus (MARV). The virus has the potential to cause significant epidemics with high case fatality rates, making it a considerable concern for public health officials.

The symptoms of MVD usually appear between two and 21 days after exposure to the virus. Initial signs include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and a general feeling of discomfort. As the disease progresses, more severe symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and rash may occur. In some cases, patients can develop severe hemorrhagic fever, which can be fatal.

There is no specific treatment for MVD, but early supportive care can improve the chances of survival. This care may include fluid replacement, maintaining blood pressure, and treating any occurring infections.

How to Stay Safe from Marburg Virus Disease

To minimize the risk of contracting MVD, it is essential to follow certain precautions, especially if traveling to or residing in affected areas:

Avoid direct contact with blood and body fluids: MVD can be transmitted through direct contact with the blood, secretions, or other body fluids of infected people. Be cautious and avoid close contact with individuals who are suspected or confirmed to have the disease.
Be mindful of infected surfaces and materials: The virus can also be transmitted through indirect contact with contaminated surfaces, such as clothing, bedding, and medical equipment. Ensure proper hygiene practices and avoid touching potentially contaminated items.
Steer clear of bat habitats: Bats are known to harbor the Marburg virus. It is crucial to avoid entering caves or mines where bats may reside, especially in areas with known MVD outbreaks.
Do not handle or consume bushmeat: Close contact with wild animals, like monkeys, forest antelopes, rodents, and bats, whether alive or dead, should be avoided. Additionally, refrain from manipulating or consuming any type of bushmeat.

Conclusion

The MVD outbreak in Equatorial Guinea in 2023 was a cause for concern. Although the disease is rare, it can lead to severe and often fatal consequences. The collaboration between local authorities, the WHO, and other partners has been crucial in managing the outbreak and implementing necessary measures. Following simple precautions can greatly reduce the risk of infection and ensure the safety of both residents and travelers in affected areas.